Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Children & Adolescents

What Is Traumatic Brain Injury in Children?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens when a bump, blow, jolt or penetrating injury to the head disrupts how the brain works. It’s a leading cause of death and disability among children and young adults in the U.S. 

Each year, about 62,000 children and young adults (ages 0-19) require hospitalization due to traumatic brain injuries. The highest risk age groups are 0-4 and 15-19. 

Concussions vs. Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries

TBIs range from mild (such as concussions) to severe, potentially life-threatening injuries.  Traumatic brain injuries can cause temporary or permanent physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes.

What Causes Traumatic Brain Injuries?

TBI occurs when a sudden impact affects the brain. Common causes include:

• Falls, including playground falls, are the most frequent cause of TBI, particularly in young children. 
• Sports injuries, especially in contact sports (such as football, soccer and hockey) can lead to concussions and other TBIs in young people. Snow skiing, skateboarding and water sports are also sports activities with high risk for TBIs.
• Vehicle crashes involving cars, bicycles, scooters and pedestrians, for example, can cause TBI. 
• Non-accidental violence, such as assault, abuse or other traumatic events, can cause serious brain injuries.

What Are the Signs of Traumatic Brain Injury?

TBI symptoms can vary depending on various factors, including the severity of the injury. They may appear right away or develop over time.

• Immediate symptoms may include losing consciousness (passing out), confusion, dizziness, head pain, vomiting and trouble with balance
• Delayed symptoms can include headaches, difficulty concentrating, mood changes and sleep disturbances

Physical Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury

Physical signs of TBI include:

• Dizziness or balance issues
• Headaches (persistent or worsening)
• Nausea or vomiting
• Seizures or convulsions
• Sensitivity to light or noise

Cognitive and Behavioral Symptoms of TBI

A person with a traumatic brain injury may experience:

• Confusion or difficulty following conversations
• Difficulty concentrating or remembering things
• Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
• Sleep disturbances (too much or too little sleep)

How Is Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosed in Children?

Diagnosing TBI involves clinical evaluation, usually by an emergency room, urgent care or primary care doctor. They may then recommend:

• Neurological and cognitive testing: Specialty providers, such as a neurologist or Concussion Clinic doctor, can assess memory, balance, reaction time and attention. 
• Imaging tests: CT scans or MRIs are not necessary for diagnosing mild TBI. However, your doctor may recommend them to rule out more moderate and severe injuries.

How Are Traumatic Brain Injuries Treated?

Treatment depends on both the injury itself and your child’s developmental stage.

Mild TBI (Concussion)

For a simple concussion, your doctor will likely recommend a period of rest, symptom monitoring and a gradual return to activities.

Moderate to Severe TBI

More severe traumatic brain injuries may require hospitalization, rehabilitation therapies and ongoing medical care. Treatment may include:

• Medication for symptom management, such as pain relief or mood stabilization
• Cognitive therapy to support memory and attention skills
• Occupational therapy to assist with daily tasks
• Physical therapy to improve strength and coordination
• Speech therapy to address communication challenges

What Is Lurie Children’s Approach to TBI and Concussions?

Lurie Children’s provides comprehensive, team-based care for traumatic brain injury, supporting both physical and cognitive recovery. Our specialized services include:

• Concussion clinic: Helps children with mild TBIs safely return to school and sports
• Neurocritical care team: Manages severe TBIs requiring hospitalization
• Neurology consultations: Address chronic headaches and persistent symptoms with targeted treatments
• Neuropsychology services: Assess cognitive function and work with schools to provide accommodations for your child
• Psychiatry and behavioral health: Work with the care team to support your child’s emotional and behavioral well-being

Our holistic approach goes beyond medical treatment to address your child’s emotional and psychological well-being – everything from school challenges to relationships. We are committed to expert, compassionate care, helping children and families navigate TBI recovery and return to daily life safely.

What Are the Long-Term Implications of TBI?

While many children recover fully from mild TBIs, a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury can have long-lasting effects. These include cognitive, behavioral and physical challenges:

• Behavioral changes, including anxiety, depression and mood swings
• Cognitive challenges, including difficulties with memory, attention and problem-solving
• Physical symptoms such as persistent headaches, dizziness and fatigue

Some effects may not appear immediately, but they may show up as your child faces growing academic or social demands. Early intervention and ongoing support can improve outcomes. Some children may need long-term support.

Recovery times vary. A gradual return to normal activities, with ongoing monitoring, gives the best chance for a good outcome. Contact your doctor if your child experiences worsening headaches, trouble waking up, repeated vomiting or behavioral changes.

About Lurie Children’s Concussion and Neurocritical Care Programs 

Lurie Children's Concussion Program offers specialized care for children and adolescents. Our team of pediatric concussion experts provides expert care tailored to your child’s needs. The clinic supports safe return to daily activities, offering personalized care plans, school accommodations and guidance on resuming sports.

We also have a Neurocritical Care Program. It’s the only such program in greater Chicago. It’s also one of the few in the country that provides neurocritical care services to children in pediatric, cardiac and neonatal ICUs.

Learn about our Concussion Program

Learn about our Neurocritical Care Program